By 2050 the world's population is projected to grow by one-third, reaching between 9 and 10 billion. With globalization and expected growth in global affluence, a substantial increase in per capita meat, dairy, and fish consumption is also anticipated. The demand for calories from animal products will nearly double, highlighting the critical importance of the world's animal agriculture system. Meeting the nutritional needs of this population and its demand for animal products will require a significant investment of resources as well as policy changes that are supportive of agricultural production. Ensuring sustainable agricultural growth will be essential to addressing this global challenge to food security. Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability identifies areas of research and development, technology, and resource needs for research in the field of animal agriculture, both nationally and internationally. This report assesses the global demand for products of animal origin in 2050 within the framework of ensuring global food security; evaluates how climate change and natural resource constraints may impact the ability to meet future global demand for animal products in sustainable production systems; and identifies factors that may impact the ability of the United States to meet demand for animal products, including the need for trained human capital, product safety and quality, and effective communication and adoption of new knowledge, information, and technologies. The agricultural sector worldwide faces numerous daunting challenges that will require innovations, new technologies, and new ways of approaching agriculture if the food, feed, and fiber needs of the global population are to be met. The recommendations of Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability will inform a new roadmap for animal science research to meet the challenges of sustainable animal production in the 21st century. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction: Overview of the Challenges Facing the AnimalAgriculture Enterprise2 Global Food Security Challenge: Sustainability Considerations3 Animal Agriculture Research Needs: U.S. Perspective4 Global Considerations for Animal Agriculture Research5 Capacity Building and Infrastructure for Research in FoodSecurity and Animal Sciences6 RecommendationsAppendix A: Committee on Considerations for the Future of AnimalScience Research: Biographical InformationAppendix B: Statement of TaskAppendix C: GlossaryAppendix D: Key Strategies Involving Animal Agriculture BeingFocused on by USDA Research, Education, and Economics (REE)Appendix E: USDA ARS Proposed FY 2015 PrioritiesAppendix F: Animal Health Priorities from a 2011 USDA NIFA WorkshopAppendix G: Results of a USDA ARS- and NIFA-Sponsored Workshop onAnimal HealthAppendix H: Summary of NOAA/USDA Findings on Alternative Feeds forAquacultureAppendix I: Goals for Priorities Identified by the EU Animal TaskForceAppendix J: USDA NIFA Investment in Animal Science by Species(Subject of Interest)Appendix K: Animal Science Investment by Knowledge AreaAppendix L: USDA ARS Animal/Agriculture Research FY 2010FY 2014