Across the United States, impacts of climate change are already evident. Heat waves have become more frequent and intense, cold extremes have become less frequent, and patterns of rainfall are likely changing. The proportion of precipitation that falls as rain rather than snow has increased across the western United States and Arctic sea ice has been reduced significantly. Sea level has been rising faster than at any time in recent history, threatening the natural and built environments on the coasts. Even if emissions of greenhouse gases were substantially reduced now, climate change and its resulting impacts would continue for some time to come. To date, decisions related to the management and protection of the nation's people, resources, and infrastructure have been based on records in the recent past, when climate was relatively stable. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change, part of the congressionally requested America's Climate Choices suite of studies, calls for a new paradigm-one that considers a range of possible future climate conditions and impacts that may be well outside the realm of past experience. Adaptation requires actions from many decision makers in federal, state, tribal, and local governments; the private sector; non-governmental organizations; and community groups. However, current efforts are hampered by a lack of solid information about the benefits, costs, and effectiveness of various adaptation options; climate information on regional and local scales; and a lack of coordination. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change calls for a national adaptation strategy that provides needed technical and scientific resources, incentives to begin adaptation planning, guidance across jurisdictions, shared lessons learned, and support of scientific research to expand knowledge of impacts and adaptation. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Vulnerabilities and Impacts3 What Are America's Options for Adaptation?4 Managing the Climate Challenge: A Strategy for Adaptation5 Linking Adaptation Efforts Across the Nation6 Rationale and Mechanisms for Global Engagement in Climate ChangeAdaptation7 Major Scientific and Technological Advances Needed to PromoteEffective Adaptation to Climate Change8 Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: America's Climate Choices: Membership ListsAppendix B: Panel on Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change:Statement of TaskAppendix C: Panel on Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change:Biographical SketchesAppendix D: Explanation of the Rationale for Reasons of ConcernAppendix E: Acronyms and Initialisms